Review of current vaccine development platform to prevent coronavirus disease.

On January 30, 2020, the World Health Organization (WHO) declared a severe respiratory disorder syndrome which originated in Wuhan city as a global public health emergency, and the pandemic declaration by the WHO was made on March 11, 2020. Persons infected with SARS-CoV-2 are frequently asymptomatic, yet they have high respiratory viral loads, and they are major purveyors of viral spread. These factors have led to the current explosion of COVID-19 hospitalizations and deaths. Vaccines could play an important role by preventing severe diseases and increasing population immunity and reducing the ongoing health crisis. There is wealth of information for the review available since it is a current topic of interest. Initially, Google Scholar was utilized to take an initial sample of what types of articles are available. We searched other databases such as PubMed, EMBASE, and COCHRANE LIBRARY for research articles published up to March 2021, with no language restrictions. We found seven peer-reviewed publications available on the efficacy of SARS-CoV-2 vaccines: AZD1222 (AstraZeneca/University of Oxford), a ChAdOx1-based vaccine with a reported efficacy of 70.4% and two mRNA-based vaccines: BNT162b2 (Pfizer/BioNTech) with a reported efficacy of 95% and mRNA-1273 (Moderna/NIAID) with a reported efficacy of 94.1%. Internet was used as a source because of its limitless networking of resources. Sources used from the internet were written by professionals in their fields and published on reliable sites, in referred publications, or on professional organization sites. The cited references were within the last 2 years.

Non-coding RNA in idiopathic interstitial pneumonia and Covid-19 pulmonary fibrosis.

Pulmonary fibrosis is the key feature of majority of idiopathic interstitial pneumonias (IIPs) as well as many patients with post-COVID-19. The pathogenesis of pulmonary fibrosis is a complex molecular process that involves myriad of cells, proteins, genes, and regulatory elements. The non-coding RNA mainly miRNA, circRNA, and lncRNA are among the key regulators of many protein coding genes and pathways that are involved in pulmonary fibrosis. Identification and molecular mechanisms, by which these non-coding RNA molecules work, are crucial to understand the molecular basis of the disease. Additionally, elucidation of molecular mechanism could also help in deciphering a potential diagnostic/prognostic marker as well as therapeutic targets for IIPs and post-COVID-19 pulmonary fibrosis. In this review, we have provided the latest findings and discussed the role of these regulatory elements in the pathogenesis of pulmonary fibrosis associated with Idiopathic Interstitial Pneumonia and Covid-19.

4 dimensional x-strain speckle tracking echocardiography: assessment of normal values of left ventricular rotation and twist, in healthy Indian adults during COVID-19 pandemic

Cardiac MRI and 2Dimensional speckle Tracking Echocardiography (2D STE) are the most sought-after methods to evaluate LV twist mechanics. LV rotational deformation resembles the wringing of a towel, and this deformation is referred as LV twist (LVT), and the subsequent recoil in diastole is known as LV untwist (LVUT). 2D/3D/4D twist mechanics assessment by STE is inherently associated with limitations. Recently introduced 4D XStrain STE has been used for evaluation of strain parameters because of better appraisal of contractile properties of LV, to analyse complex multi-dimensional LV rotational mechanics. This novel technology is a reliable, affordable, and simple tool for quantification of regional myocardial functions, particularly LV strain and rotation parameters. To evaluate and establish the normal values of LV rotation and twist by 4D XStrain STE in healthy Indian adults during the Covid-19 pandemic was the aim of the current study. 46 subjects were enrolled (34 males & 12 females). LA size, LV mass, CO, LVEDV and mitral E/A ratio were significantly greater in males (p<0.01) even though EF was higher in females (p<0.01). GLS, GCS, and GRS were increased in males (p<0.01). Peak basal rotation, peak twist, peak twist rate, and peak untwist rate were also greater in males (p<0.01), nonetheless, peak apical rotation and papillary muscle rotational velocity were greater in females (p<0.01). However, MV rotational velocity was increased in males (p<0.01). This is the first research publication of normal values of LV rotation and twists in healthy Indian adults by 4D XStrain STE.

Non-Coding RNA in Idiopathic Interstitial Pneumonia and Covid-19 Pulmonary Fibrosis (preprint)

Pulmonary fibrosis is the major manifestation of idiopathic interstitial pneumonia as well as post-COVID-19 complications. The pathogenesis of PF is a complex molecular process that involves many types of cells, proteins, genes, and regulatory elements. The non-coding RNA is the main regulatory element in this process which mainly includes;miRNA, circRNA, and lncRNA. These regulatory elements control the expression of many important genes and various pathways that are involved in the pathogenesis of pulmonary fibrosis. Identification and molecular mechanisms by which these non-coding RNA molecules works are very important because they do not only help to understand the molecular basis of the disease but could also serve as a potential diagnostic/prognostic marker as well as therapeutic targets. In this review, we have provided the latest findings and discussed the role of these regulatory elements in various biological processes and pathways involved in the pathogenesis of pulmonary fibrosis associated with IIPs and Covid-19.

Non-Coding RNA in Idiopathic Interstitial Pneumonia and Covid-19 Pulmonary Fibrosis (preprint)

Pulmonary fibrosis is the major manifestation of idiopathic interstitial pneumonia as well as post-COVID-19 complications. The pathogenesis of PF is a complex molecular process that involves many types of cells, proteins, genes, and regulatory elements. The non-coding RNA is the main regulatory element in this process which mainly includes; miRNA, circRNA, and lncRNA. These regulatory elements control the expression of many important genes and various pathways that are involved in the pathogenesis of pulmonary fibrosis. Identification and molecular mechanisms by which these non-coding RNA molecules works are very important because they do not only help to understand the molecular basis of the disease but could also serve as a potential diagnostic/prognostic marker as well as therapeutic targets. In this review, we have provided the latest findings and discussed the role of these regulatory elements in various biological processes and pathways involved in the pathogenesis of pulmonary fibrosis associated with IIPs and Covid-19.

A Study to Assess the Knowledge and Perception of Practicing Dental Professionals Toward COVID-19 in Lucknow City.

Introduction: Coronavirus belongs to family of Coronaviridae, which primarily infect the upper respiratory and gastro intestinal tract of birds & mammals. It is an enveloped virus with positive-sense single-stranded RNA. Patients with COVID-19 are usually present with symptoms of fever, dry cough, myalgia, dysgeusia, nausea, diarrhoea, hyposmia and later it progresses into pneumonia. Dentists are at potential risk because they are in consistent exposure of blood and saliva, so they should have knowledge of COVID-19 infection, transmission & prevention for proper infection control practices. Aims and Objectives: The aim of the study is to assess the knowledge and perception of DHPs toward COVID-19. Methodology: A cross-sectional study was undertaken among practicing dental professionals in Lucknow city (U.P) India. A total of 302 Dental Health Practitioners (DHPs) participated in the study. Knowledge was assessed using self-administered, structured questionnaire. The questions were administered online through Google Forms by sending link to the registered Dentist through E-mail. Results: A total of 350 DHPs were participated in the study, among which 302 DHPs has given complete responses and was included in the analysis. Simple linear regression showed a significant relationship between knowledge with age of dentist (p < 0.001), qualification as MDS (p = 0.025), practice as private (p < 0.001), experience between 5 and 10 years (p = 0.009), and experienced more than 10 years(p = 0.006). Correct answers in each sections of questionnaire were defined an internal consistency was assessed using Cronbach`s alpha. Conclusion: Despite having high standard of knowledge, practices and perceptions DHPs around the world are in a state of anxiety and fear while working in their respective field due to COVID-19 impact. DHPs are advised to follow the guidelines for clinical recommendations given by health authorities like WHO, CDC, ADA and IDA.